Cardiovascular surgery is one of the most sensitive and essential specialties, given its direct role in saving lives and improving the quality of life of patients with cardiovascular diseases. In recent years, Turkey has emerged as one of the leading medical destinations in this field, thanks to its adoption of modern surgical techniques and advanced treatment programs in line with international standards.
This comprehensive guide to cardiovascular surgery in Turkey aims to provide a clear and simplified picture of the major cardiovascular surgeries available in Turkey, explaining treatment methods, the use of robotic and minimally invasive techniques, catheterization procedures, and aftercare to ensure the best possible outcomes for patients.
Turkey’s vision for cardiovascular surgery
The medical teams use an integrated treatment approach that brings together cardiologists, surgeons, and intensive care specialists, ensuring safe and precise care, especially for high-risk patients who require advanced techniques or multidisciplinary treatment plans.
The main division of cardiac and vascular surgeries
The therapeutic procedures covered by the specialty of cardiovascular surgery in Turkey are divided into three main areas. This division helps to understand the available options and determine the most appropriate course of treatment for each case:
1) Cardiac surgeries
These are procedures that are performed directly on the heart or its internal structures, such as
- Open-heart surgery
- Robotic Heart Surgery
- Heart valve surgery
- Laparoscopic heart surgery
- Coronary artery surgery (CABG)
- Catheter-based repair of heart defects
These surgeries are the most complex and require highly experienced medical teams and advanced techniques to ensure the best results.
2) Transcatheter Cardiac Procedures
These are minimally invasive medical procedures used to diagnose or treat heart disease without the need to open the chest:
- Diagnostic cardiac catheterization
- Coronary stenting
- Closing minor heart defects
- Therapeutic catheterization and arterial dilation
- Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement (TAVR)
These procedures are characterized by a quick recovery and low complication rate, and are often an alternative to traditional surgery.
3) Vascular Surgery
Diseases that affect the arteries and veins outside the heart, including:
- Aortic aneurysm surgery (open surgery and EVAR)
- Vascular bypasses of the aorta and peripheral arteries
- Peripheral artery occlusion treatment with catheterization or stenting
- Vascular diabetic foot treatment
- Surgery or injections for varicose veins
- Laser treatment of hematomas
- Specialized procedures for Raynaud’s syndrome
This section aims to optimize blood flow, prevent serious complications, and maintain the integrity of limbs and tissues.
Open heart surgery
Open-heart surgery is performed when the surgeon needs direct access to the heart muscle, valves, or arteries, during which the sternum is incised to open the chest and perform the desired repair with precision. This type of surgery is used in cases such as coronary artery bypass, valve repair or replacement, or treatment of structural defects. Although it is one of the oldest surgical methods, it remains the most suitable option for some complex cases that are not amenable to minimally invasive techniques or catheterization, and is characterized in Turkey by high success rates and an organized recovery program after the operation.
Robotic Heart Surgery
Robotic heart surgery is one of the latest technologies used in Turkey, allowing the surgeon to perform the procedure through small incisions using precise robotic arms that provide high-definition 3D vision. This technique helps reduce bleeding, speed up recovery, and minimize scarring compared to traditional surgery. Robots are used for procedures such as mitral valve replacement or repair, correction of minor heart defects, and, in some cases, coronary artery bypass grafting, making them an ideal choice for the right patients.
Heart valve surgery
Heart valve surgery involves repairing or replacing the affected valve when it loses its normal function due to stenosis or insufficiency. It can be performed as open-heart surgery or using minimally invasive or robotic techniques, depending on the patient’s condition and the type of valve affected. Turkey has high success rates in aortic, mitral, and tricuspid valve surgeries, using mechanical or tissue valves as needed and following careful postoperative protocols to ensure stable heart function.
The following table presents the results of five- and ten-year survival rates after different valve replacement surgeries, based on data published in authoritative international references:
| Type of operation | Five-year survival rate | Ten-year survival rate |
|---|---|---|
| Aortic valve replacement surgery | 94% | 84% |
| Mitral valve replacement surgery | 64% | 37% |
| Pulmonary valve replacement surgery | 96% | 93% |
| Tricuspid valve replacement surgery | 79% | 49% |
Coronary artery surgery (CABG)
Coronary artery surgery is used to open a new blood vessel to bypass blockages in the arteries that perfuse the heart by taking a healthy vein or artery from the body and transplanting it to provide better perfusion to the heart muscle. The procedure can be performed either with traditional open-heart surgery or with less invasive techniques such as off-pump surgery (OPCAB) or minimally invasive direct bypass (MIDCAB). In Turkey, this surgery is characterized by high success rates and long-lasting results, and is the primary treatment option for severe blockages that do not respond to catheter-based interventions.
Laparoscopic heart surgery
Laparoscopic heart surgery is a modern technique that allows cardiac operations to be performed through small incisions between the ribs without the need to open the sternum. The surgeon uses precise instruments and a high-resolution camera to access the heart, minimizing pain after the procedure, speeding up recovery, and reducing the time to return to daily activities. Applied for procedures such as valve repair, removal of small tumors, and correction of certain heart defects, this surgery is a suitable option for patients who want cosmetic results and a faster recovery compared to traditional surgery.
Catheter-based repair of ventricular septal defect
Transcatheter ventricular septal defect repair is used to treat small or moderate openings between the ventricles without the need for open-heart surgery. A thin catheter is inserted through the femoral artery and guided into the heart to place a small “umbrella” device that permanently closes the defect. This technique has a fast recovery time and few complications. It is an option for patients who are not suitable for traditional surgical intervention, especially children and low-to-moderate risk adults.
Diagnostic and therapeutic cardiac catheterization
Cardiac catheterization is used to diagnose coronary artery disease, evaluate heart and valve function, and is used therapeutically to expand blockages with a balloon or stent. A thin tube is inserted through the femoral or radial artery and guided to the heart using X-rays, and then a contrast material is injected to see the arteries clearly. Catheterization is a non-invasive, short-term procedure that allows the patient to return to activity quickly, making it the first choice for the diagnosis and treatment of most coronary artery diseases.
Central venous catheterization
Central venous catheterization is used to deliver medications and fluids directly to large veins in the body, especially in patients undergoing heart surgery or requiring long-term intravenous therapy. The procedure is performed under local anesthesia through a small incision under the collarbone or in the neck, and the catheter is precisely guided using radiation until it rests in the central vein. This type of catheter helps administer highly concentrated medications, draw blood easily, and provide a secure IV line during treatment or intensive care, without the need for repeated pricks or the risk of damage to peripheral veins.
Heart Stent Installation
A heart stent is used to widen narrowed coronary arteries and restore blood flow to the heart muscle, after the blockage is expanded with a special balloon through a catheter. The stent (a small metal mesh) is inserted into the narrowed artery to keep it permanently open, relieving angina symptoms and reducing the risk of heart attacks. This procedure is one of the most common cardiac interventions, has a quicker recovery time than surgery, and the patient often leaves the hospital the same or the next day.
Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement (TAVR)
Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR ) is an advanced treatment option for patients with aortic valve stenosis who are not suitable for traditional surgical intervention. A new artificial valve is inserted through a catheter passed through the femoral or radial artery and placed over the affected valve without opening the chest. The procedure is characterized by a quick recovery, low complication rate, and often improves the patient’s ability to breathe and move within a few days, making it one of the most important recent advances in the treatment of valve disease.
Aortic aneurysm surgery
Aortic aneurysm surgery is used to treat an aortic aneurysm before it ruptures, and the appropriate technique is chosen based on the location and size of the aneurysm. Aortic aneurysm treatment involves either open surgery through an incision in the chest or abdomen to replace the weakened segment with an artificial graft, or endovascular repair (EVAR ) through a catheter inserted from the groin to place a supportive stent within the artery. Newer methods, especially EVAR, minimize risks and speed recovery, and are a safe option for elderly or high-risk surgical patients.
Aorto-femoral bypass surgery
This surgery is used to treat severe blockages in the aorta and iliac arteries, the main vessels that supply the legs. The surgeon places a Y-shaped artificial graft that connects the abdominal aorta to the femoral arteries, creating a new pathway that allows blood to flow more efficiently to both limbs. The procedure helps improve walking ability and reduce leg pain, and is an important option for patients who don’t respond to catheter therapy or have advanced vascular blockages.
Dilation of peripheral arteries and their stents
This procedure aims to treat atherosclerotic blockages in the lower extremities by using a peripheral arterial catheter inserted through the groin to reach the narrowed area. The artery is dilated with a special balloon, then a metal stent is placed to maintain the opening and prevent the blockage from recurring. This intervention helps improve blood flow to the legs and reduce pain, and is an effective option for patients with difficulty walking or symptoms of peripheral ischemia without the need for open surgery.
Vascular diabetic foot treatment
Diabetic foot angioplasty is used when the arteries supplying the foot are blocked or narrowed, with the aim of improving blood perfusion and preventing the development of wounds or amputations. A tiny catheter is inserted into the narrowed artery, a balloon is used to widen it and restore blood flow, and a stent may be placed if needed to ensure the artery remains open. This procedure helps speed up wound healing and minimize pain, and is an essential step in the management of diabetic foot before any more extensive surgical interventions.
Sclerotherapy for varicose veins
Sclerotherapy is one of the most effective ways to treat small, superficial varicose veins. It involves injecting a special substance into the dilated vein to cause a slight irritation that leads to its gradual closure and absorption over time. The procedure is performed using a fine needle without the need for general anesthesia and is quick to perform, allowing the patient to return to activity on the same day. It is a suitable option for mild to moderate cases of varicose veins, with the possibility of repeated sessions to achieve the desired result.
Hematoma Treatment
The treatment of a hematoma depends on its type, depth, and the extent to which it affects appearance or function, and treatment options include medical monitoring, medications, or cosmetic interventions when needed. Laser therapy is one of the most commonly used methods of treating superficial birthmarks, as the laser beams target the abnormal blood vessels and gradually close them without affecting the surrounding skin. Some cases may require several sessions to achieve optimal results, while deeper birthmarks may be treated with additional methods, such as injections or surgical procedures, depending on the doctor’s assessment.
Raynaud’s syndrome treatment
Treatment of Raynaud’s syndrome focuses on improving blood flow to the fingers and reducing the number and severity of attacks. Usually, it starts with lifestyle modification and avoiding exposure to cold or stress. In moderate cases, vasodilator medications may be used to improve perfusion, while advanced therapeutic interventions are used only in severe cases and include chemical injections such as Botox to relieve vasoconstriction or limited surgical intervention to cut the nerves that cause severe narrowing of the small vessels. These options help minimize pain and prevent the development of complications, especially in patients with troublesome recurring attacks.
Care after cardiovascular surgery
The post-operative phase requires careful follow-up to ensure a safe and proper recovery, as the patient goes through two main periods in which the medical needs and the pattern of care differ.
1) During the first few days after surgery
The patient usually stays in the intensive care unit for several hours or days, depending on the type of operation, where the heart, breathing, and blood pressure are continuously monitored. Intravenous medications are given to control pain and prevent thrombosis, the patient is encouraged to sit up in bed and then gradually stand up to improve blood circulation, and the operation wound is constantly cared for to avoid infection, and any changes in breathing or heart rate are monitored.
2) During the first weeks of recovery
After discharge from the hospital, the patient begins the home recovery phase, which may be accompanied by general fatigue or minor mood swings, which are normal after surgery. It is recommended to walk daily and gradually increase activity without overexertion, adhere to prescribed medications, monitor the wound, and check with the doctor when any unusual symptoms appear. Regular check-ups and heart scans will help to check the progress of healing and readjust the treatment plan if needed.
Cardiac Rehabilitation Program
A cardiac rehabilitation program is an essential part of recovery after cardiovascular surgery, aimed at restoring cardiac fitness and reducing the risk of future complications. The program includes medically monitored light physical exercise, nutritional counseling, and instructions to manage stress and improve lifestyle. Rehabilitation begins gradually weeks after the procedure, with ongoing assessment of cardiac endurance. The patient can benefit from specialized cardiopulmonary rehabilitation programs to enhance breathing and mobility and improve long-term quality of life.
Best Cardiovascular Surgery Hospitals in Turkey
Turkey has a number of advanced medical centers in the field of cardiovascular surgery, as these hospitals adopt the latest surgical and robotic techniques and include medical teams with extensive experience in dealing with complex cases. Among the most prominent of these centers:
- Acibadem Hospital
- Memorial Şişli Hospital
- Yeditepe University Hospital
- Akdeniz University Hospital
- Memorial Hospital Bahçelievler
These hospitals feature state-of-the-art infrastructure, hybrid operating rooms, and specialized intensive care units, making them leading destinations for patients seeking high-quality medical care.
The most famous cardiovascular surgeons in Turkey
Turkey is home to an elite group of cardiovascular surgeons with extensive experience in complex procedures and modern techniques, including robotic surgery and advanced valve procedures. Among the most prominent of these doctors:
- Prof. Dr. Ismail Arden
- Prof. Dr. Patuhan Ozai
- Dr. Hassan Erdal
- Dr. Burak Karan
These doctors are distinguished by their extensive academic experience and participation in international research centers, in addition to performing thousands of successful operations in advanced and internationally accredited hospitals.
Approximate cost of cardiovascular surgery in Turkey
The cost of cardiovascular surgeries in Turkey varies according to the type of operation, the complexity of the case, and the required tests, in addition to the difference in prices between private and university hospitals. The price also depends on the technique used, whether it is open surgery, robotic surgery, or catheterization, as well as the length of hospitalization and intensive care. In general, Turkey is a destination that offers a good balance between high quality and affordability compared to many European countries, while maintaining an advanced level of medical care and services.
Why Bimaristan Medical Center?
Bimarestan Medical Center provides patients coming to Turkey with an organized treatment pathway that facilitates access to the best hospitals and cardiovascular surgeons. The center helps coordinate medical consultations, quickly arrange necessary tests, and follow up on the treatment plan before and after surgery, giving the patient a more comfortable and safe treatment experience. The team also follows up on logistical details and ongoing medical support to ensure that every patient receives the most appropriate care from the moment they arrive until their recovery is complete.
In conclusion, this guide provides a comprehensive overview of the most important cardiovascular surgeries available in Turkey, outlining the modern techniques and advanced treatment practices adopted by specialized medical centers. Understanding treatment options, post-operative care requirements, and cardiac rehabilitation programs helps patients make an informed medical decision based on their needs and health conditions. With expert medical teams and advanced infrastructure, Turkey has become a reliable destination for cardiac patients from different countries seeking high-quality care and guaranteed treatment results.